England+Empire

=__**Terms**__= __**Yeomen Farmer**__ This is a name used to describe farmers in America that had a small amount of land and no slaves or servants. In the South, many of these farmers worked poor land and in the North, they were the most abundant type of farmer. We placed this term here because this sort of farmer could be found almost anywhere in colonial America, not only one colony. (A typical American yeomen farmer) Pavel T and Jack O __**Headright System**__ The headright system was the system used for early land distribution and development in the American colonies. It usually constituted of 100 acres for landowners and 50 each more for servant, family member, or slave. Eventually, this led to later population or freed servants to not being able to find un-owned land to settle for themselves. This term was put here because this is how land in the colonies was generally distributed, so it was unspecific to any colony. (This painting depicts a meeting for land distribution in Maryland after a boat of English settlers arrived) Pavel T and Jack O
 * Sir Humphrey Gilbert** - (1539-1583) Founded St. Johns, Newfoundland, and claimed land for Elizabeth I. He drowned at sea on his way back home. (Kuczak)[[image:sirhumphreygilbert.gif width="147" height="161" align="left"]]

Sir Humphrey Gilbert was placed in England Empire because he founded the first English colony (although this was is Canada, not America). Sir Francis Drake: A hero to the English Navy and a pirate to the Spanish Armada Sir Francis Drake was an agent sent by the English to attack Spanish trade in the Caribbean. He was extremely successful at capturing Spanish goods and became infamous for his exploits as a professional pirate. Drake affected America because created a headway for English Naval dominance in the New World and mostly the Caribbean by ravaging other countries' trade. Drake also completed the second circumnavigation of the world. Drake should be placed under the the English Empire because he was knighted by their queen as well as commander of their fleet in 1588. (Gibson Odderstol) []

The **Virginia Company** was a joint stock company chartered by James I in 1606 to set up settlements on the North American east coast. It was comprised of two separate companies, “The Virginia Company of London” and “The Virginia Company of Plymouth”. They both shared simlary charters but differed in their territories. The Virginia Company belongs in the Enlgish Empire catergory because of James the first charter it. (Clarke) This is a picture of the Virginia Company sailing to the new world

**__Elizabeth I-__** She was the late daughter of King Henry. While she ruled she restored the protestant religion back to England. Along with that she added some nationalism to her country and strongly supported the colonization of America. She also defeated the Spanish armada which made it easier to acquire land in America because the weakened Spain through that. they even name Virginia after because she was the "Virgin Queen". My partner and i choose to put her on this page because she was at one point the ruler of the English empire and she had no real effect on the actual individual colonies but she supported them. this is a painting of queen Elizabeth I when she was just put in power. (Mark Abtahi, Anthony DiCristofano)

__**Indentured Servants**__ Indentured servitude was a system in which young men and women bounded themselves to masters for a fixed term of servitude, usually for around five years. In return they received free passage to America, along with food clothing and shelter during their years of service. My partner and I placed this term under “England Empire” because Indentured servitude was something that happened in all British colonies. This is a picture of white indentured servants working on a farm. (Mark Abtahi, Anthonio DiCristofano)

__**Slavery in West Indies**__

Slaves where brought to the West Indies not only by the British but also by other groups of people, however it was the British who affected slavery the most in the West Indies. John Hawkins, an English navigator, who sold slaves in the West Indies, said that it was for the good of the souls of the Africans, as it introduced them to Christianity and civilization. My partner and I placed this term under “England Empire” because it was the British who affected the slavery in the West Indies the most. A big cause in the demand for slaves in the West Indies was the cultivation of sugar canes, which were in high demand back in Europe.

This picture shows slaves being transported to either the West Indies or America. (Mark Abtahi, Anthonio DiCristofano)

__**Slave Codes**__ Slaves Codes were laws that each state, or colony, had that defined the status of slaves and the rights of the masters. Usually southern states, or colonies, would have stricter codes on slaves then those in the north. My partner and I placed this term under England Empire because each colony had its own code and the one thing all the colonies have in common is that they were all once apart of the British Empire.

 This picture shows the history of blacks in America. (Mark Abtahi, Anthonio DiCristofano) . The **enclosure movement** was an economic transformation of countryside in England that accelerated during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. It was sparked by the boom in the wool economy which led to large landowners enclosing their farmland from small renters (serfs and poorer farmers) to make room for more profitable sheep runs. This resulted in the eviction of thousands of tenants and also limited England’s food supply (as most land of cultivation was being used to feed sheep). With the additional rising English population, this dislocation lead to poorer quality of life and ultimately highly encouraged the sought after immigration to the assumedly better life of the English New world colonies. The term “Enclosure movement” belongs on the “England Empire” page because the empire-wide demand for wool was pivotal in motivating enclosure of land and the overpopulation and poor quality of life resulting from the enclosure movement lead to English immigrants migrating to destinations across the empire, especially the North American colonies.

 __**Richard Hakluyt**__Richard Hakluyt was an English clergyman and propagandist for colonization. He argued that colonies would create new markets for English goods and help alleviate poverty by getting rid of some of the surplus population. He also argued that colonial commerce would allow England to acquire products from its new territories, which the country had previously depended on its foreign rivals, like lumber, naval stores, gold and silver. This term belongs on this page because Richard Hakluyt was an outstanding propagandist for English colonization in the New World. (Hannah Beswick-Hale)

**__Mercantilism__-** The popular economic theory between the 16th and 18th centuries that the nation as a whole was the principal factor in the economy, not the individuals in it. The goal of a nation was to increase the nation’s total wealth by maximizing its exports and limiting its imports. However, mercantilism states that there is a finite amount of wealth, meaning that a country could gain wealth only at the expense of another country’s wealth. As a result of mercantilism, there was an increased interest in acquiring colonies because the colony would serve as a source of goods for a country that would otherwise have to buy those goods from other countries.

(Jackie Ryer) This picture shows the original 13 colonies: Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. As a result of mercantilism, England and other European countries developed an increased interest in acquiring colonies because the colony would serve as a source of goods for a country that would otherwise have to buy those goods.

**__The great Awakening-__** A spiritual revivalism that swept the American colonies, particularly New England. It occurred during the enlightenment, when people were questioning the role of an individual in religion. The enlightenment emphasized the power of the individual to understand the world around them. The Great Awakening brought a new spirit of passionate religious feeling during a time when people were moving away from piety. It also put a greater emphasis on the individual and their spiritual experience rather than placing an emphasis on church doctrine. This movement was spread by powerful, motivational evangelists like George Whitfield. The Great Awakening is important because it decreased the importance of the church and clergy since it emphasized the individual religious experience. (Jackie Ryer) This painting portrays soldiers during the American revolution. The Great Awakening is significant because it prepared the Americans for the American revolution. The religious revivalism during the Great Awakening taught Americans that they could challenge authorities and break away from them when they weren't living up to people's expectations. During the great awakening, colonists realized that religious power rested in their own hands, and not the hands of the Church of England. Likewise, during the American Revolution, colonists realized that political power resided in their own hands, and not the English Monarch.

**__Church of England-__** The Church of England satisfied the Queen, but not many of the English citizens. Many of the people still were in allegiance to the Pope. Many people were exiled or left England because they did not like the Church of England. New religions were created and migrations to America were caused because of the Church of England. My partner and I choose to put this under England because it was the main religion of England at the time. (Mike McGovern) This is the logo of the Church of England.

This is a picture of Henry VIII who created his own religion because he left the Church.
 * __Henry VIII__**-Henry wanted to divorce his wife because she could not produce a male heir. The Pope would not allow this divorce to happen so Henry broke away from the Church. Henry became the head of his own new Church to let himself divorce his wife. He forced his new religion on all citizens and this caused many to leave England for America. My partner and I choose to put this term under England because Henry VIII was the ruler of this country.(Mike McGovern) [[image:https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/MQbnbkTo_OeysIVjZF8T6BX6TwwfDDVs5ngG58zl2pF77a2jUmMqLgxJDFOA0BcMW-pkHaZwYMvrwpoLZ-wtvW893x-kNUYwo1hUhl4oWLLD0KbT_tA width="154" height="335"]]

__**English Civil War**__- Charles I wanted to rule with absolute power so he dismissed Parliament. The king had dismissed Parliament two times in two years which antagonized its members. Parliament then organized an army against the king. The King was captured and then executed. Charles had strongly alienated the Puritans in England during his rule which caused many of them to leave England and move to America. My partner and I choose to put this term under England because it was the country that was affected the most by this event. This is a picture of Charles I, who would not accept Parliament limiting his power. (Mike McGovern)

put “Sea Dogs” under England because they were the cause for English colonization in America. This was one of the ships or ‘Sea Dogs’ sent by Queen Elizabeth to claim land in America. (Mike McGovern)
 * __Sea Dogs-__**English ships and seamen that raided the Spanish in America. Sir Francis Drake was the most famous “Sea Dog” from his raiding of Spanish merchant ships. This attack gave the English more confidence to try to take over Spanish lands in America. My partner and I choose to

The **Triangular Trade** was a complex system of trade that happened between the American colonies, England, Africa, the Mediterranean and the Caribbean. Originally trading was done strictly between England and the colonies, however these exchanges of goods became more complex and other countries wanted to be part of this. Goods were shipped from the north east colonies, to Africa, then from Africa goods and slaves were sent to the Caribbean and then from the Caribbean goods and slaves were sent to the Northern colonies. This was a constant cycle of trading that became quite complex in later years. My Partner and I felt that this section was appropriate because trading originated with England and then expanded. (Alex H)

<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">This is a map showing the “Triangle” part of Triangle trade.


 * George Whitfield ** was a powerful open air preacher that drew large crowds during the Great Awakening. He worked with the founders of Methodism; the Wesley’s and campaigned throughout the colonies in an effort to spread Methodism. Whitfield along with other preachers shaped the religious views of many during the Great Awakening. My partner and I placed George Whitfield in “England Empire” because he primarily preached in this area. (Alex H)

This is a recreation of an open air preaching, like many done by Whitfield.

The **Protestant Reformation** started by the Church of England as the need for a common religion was apparent. Many different religions were present in the colonies; however the official religion in Virginia, Maryland, New York, The Carolinas and Georgia was the Church of England. The number of Protestants far outnumbered any Catholic threats. My partner and I feel that this belongs in “England Empire” section because it was started by the Church of England which had control there. (Alex H)

This image shows a large number of people gathering for worship

The Puritans were a large group of people who grew angry with the Church of England. To avoid prosecution, the Puritans moved to the New England area and started the Protestant church. The Puritans goal was to purify the church. They argued with traditional Christian beliefs. Puritans believed in predestination, or a premature decision as to one's fate in the afterlife. However, they stressed that being moral and having a good work ethic was a sign that you were going to go to heaven in the afterlife. This created a strong work ethic amongst Puritans. We placed Puritans in the England Empire because Puritans migrated to New England which was controlled by the English Empire.
 * Puritans-**

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">John Cabot- sailed to the Northeastern coast of North America. His search for a northwest passage through the New World to the Orient was unsuccessful. He was sponsored by King Henry VII. We chose to put John Cabot under the “English Empire” because he is from England and he was sent over by the English king in search for new land. This is a picture of John Cabot. (Mary G and Anne-Marie P)

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">John Calvin- He was the most influential reformer, he created the Calvinists and believed that the way people led their lives might reveal to them their changes of salvation. He introduced the doctrine of predestination. God “elected” some people to be saved and condemned others to damnation. We Chose to put John Calvin under “England Empire” because he was from Europe but he created a new religion and the people who came over to America came with his ideas. This is a picture of John Calvin. (Mary G and Anne-Marie P)   <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">London Company-Also called the Charter of the Virginia Company of London. It was an[| English][| stock company] established by [|James I of England] a royal charter on April 10, 1606. Its purpose was to help establishing colonial settlements in[| North America]. We chose to put the London Company under the “England Empire” because this company was established in England, even though it was for the colonies. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Congregationalism- Type of church government. Every[|local church] congregation is independent. [|Congregational Churches] known by the "Congregationalist" name that the [|Puritan] movement of the 17th century. We decided to put Congregationalism in the “England Empire” because it originated in England.

Predestination is an idea that was first introduced by John Calvin, the founder of Calvinism. According to Calvinism, predestination is the belief that God predetermined what people were to recieve salvation and what people were to recieve eternal damnation. Calvin said that there were signs to decipher one's fate. Signs of salvation consisted of a good work ethic and good morals. If one did no obtain a good work ethic or good morals it was assumed that they were destined for eternal damnation. We decided to add predestination to the England Empire because the concept was believed by the Puritans who settled in the New England area,
 * Predestination-**

__**ACT OF TOLERATION**__ Allowed the freedom of worship to nonconformists. They were allowed their own place of worship and their own teachers. Preachers had to be licensed and the meetings were not allowed to be held in private homes. Rev Dr. Edward Pickard also tried to get the Toleration Act to be modified but both times were unsuccessful. We decided to put here because this was a step in moving away from the English Government.( Adamczyk, Takizawa) Picture of Rev Dr. Edward Pickard.

__New Lights:__ The New Lights were a group among the division that took place during the Great Awakening. The two groups that resulted from the Great Awakening were the New Lights, who were known as the revivalists, and the Old Lights, who were known as the Traditionalists. The Great Awakening led to the emphasis on the importance on religion. Education was sometimes secular and did not have much to do with religion. Other times, education was seen as a way of enhancing religion. The New Lights took in the revivals that took place in the colonies.

Why in England Colony: We thought that the New Lights would be appropriate for the England Colony because of the fact that as time progressed, the English colony also experienced new revivals and ideas. The Great Awakening and the Enlightenment were big impacts on the New English society.

This is a picture of Geore Whitefield. He was known to help spark the Great Awakening through his preaching of revivalism in England and America. (Sharon Shim & Rinya Kamber)

__HALF-WAY COVENANT__: is a church membership created by New England. It was promoted by Reverend Solomon Stoddard because he felt that settlers were drifting away from their religion. If you wanted the full membership you would have to pay taxes. Only people with full memberships were allowed to have their children baptized. We chose to put it in the England Empire because the membership was created by New England. This is a picture of Reverend Solom Stoddard.(Adamczyk, Takizawa)

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Restoration: The restoration began under the rule of Charles II in which he restored the English, Scottish, and Irish monarchies. Charles II did something that many thought was impossible because the monarchy was so broken. He did the impossible and he restored divine and natural order in the monarchy. We chose to put this in England Empire becuase it began under the rule of Charles II. This is a picture of Charles II of England. (Takizawa, Adamczyk)

Navigation Acts- The Navigation Acts were a set of laws imposed by the English Parliament on the colonies that regulated trade. The acts forced all goods exported from and imported to the colonies to first pass through England. This enforced the idea of Mercantilism (importing more than exporting) in England and created higher taxes for local colonial merchants. We decided to put the Navigation acts under the England Empire because the laws were created by the English Parliament and King in London and they helped strengthen the English Empire. (Trivanovic) This is a map showing how all goods from the colonies first had to go through England before reaching the rest of the world.

__**Oliver Cromwell:**__
====Oliver Cromwell was a Roundhead (forces of Parliament who were mostly Puritans) leader fighting the Cavaliers (supporters of the king) in the English Civil War. In 1649, he was elected to the position of “protector,” and ruled for nine years. Cromwell finally died in 1658, and his son wasn’t able to keep authority. This allowed King Charles II to return from exile and claim the throne. After he returned, Charles began to reward the faithful courtiers with land in the New World and issued charters for colonies. This term belongs on this page because Cromwell’s actions and the English Civil War had an effect on the English Empire in the New World.==== This is a portrait of Oliver Cromwell. (Kirsten Lee)